To work a material into a finished state by machining, forming or joining.

A cast form suitable for subsequent working by such methods as rolling, forging, extruding, etc.

An application defect where too much paint accumulates along a square edge or corner of the part, often evidenced by higher gloss or blistering.

The tendency for a metal to break under conditions of repeated cyclic stressing considerably below the ultimate tensile strength.

The maximum stress that a metal can sustain for a specified number of cycles without failure.

The surface of a piece of metal in contact with another to which it is, or will be, joined.

Pertains to the amount of aluminum directed to a specific area of an extrusion die, generally achieved by adjusting the port size.

A die design which permits through certain design features the extrusion of profiles normally too large for an extrusion press if conventional means were employed or to assist in extrusion of difficult profiles.

A plate employed in front of the extrusion die to alter the metal billet dimensions permitting extrusion of larger dimensioned product than normally possible or to assist in extrusion of difficult profiles.

Pertaining, derived from, or based on iron.

Metal added in making a brazed, soldered or welded joint.

Generally, a concave junction where two surfaces meet.

A weld, approximately triangular in cross section, joining two surfaces at right angles to each other.

The depth of applied coating, expressed in mils, i.e. 1/1000 inch.

A thin projection on a forging or casting resulting from trimming or from the metal under pressure being forced into hairline cracks in the die or around die inserts.

Coiled sheet or foil in specific alloys, tempers, and thickness ranges suitable for manufacture of fins for heat-exchanger applications.

In extrusion, the condition, quality or appearance of the final aluminum surface. Aluminum can be finished in a very wide variety of textures and colors.

Usually secondary operations applied to extrusions to improve product dimensionally or change surface condition (etching) or color (anodizing, plating, painting, buffing, etc).

A defect in the paint film appearing as a circular depression resembling a crater but not revealing bare substrate.

The utilization of a transition piece of tooling between the container and die (feeder plate), whereby a conventional round billet is forced to assume the elliptical shape of the cavity and opening in the transition piece, before reaching the aperture of the die proper, thus allowing sections to be extruded that are much wider than the container. Such dies can also be made in one piece (feeder die), incorporating the same principles.

The range of clearance or interference between mating parts. The American Standards Association recognizes 33 classes of fits ranging from loose sliding fit to tight force fit.

A dummy block attached to the ram with self expansion capabilities.

A marker inserted adjacent to the edge at a splice or lap in a coiled product.

A condition in coated sheet where portions of the coating become loosened due to inadequate adhesion.

A thin protrusion at the parting line of a forging or casting which forms when metal, in excess of that required to fill the impressions, is forced between the die interfaces. Also, metal forced between container and die due to improper seal.

A line left on a forging or casting where flash has been removed.

The design method of locating the apertures in a die so that the major axis of each profile is parallel to each other and may be mirrored.

(1) For rolled products, a distortion of the surface of sheet such as a bulge or a wave, usually transverse to the direction of rolling. Often described by location across width, i.e., edge buckle, quarter buckle, center buckle, etc. (2) For extrusions, flatness (off contour) pertains to the deviation of a cross-section surface intended to be flat. Flatness can be affected by conditions such as die performance, thermal effects and stretching.

(1) The capability of a material to be curved, folded, or bent. (2) The ability of a paint to resist chipping, peeling, or cracking after the substrate has been bent, twisted, bowed, or punched.

A fixed dummy block design which has self alignment capabilities.

A term used when referring to the movement of aluminum through the die during the extrusion process.

(1) Lines on the surface of painted sheet, brought about by incomplete leveling of the paint. (2) The line pattern revealed by etching, which shows the direction of plastic flow on the surface or within a wrought structure.

A forging defect caused when metal flows past the base of a rib resulting in rupture of the grain structure.

Painting a part by directing streams of paint against it and letting excess paint drain into a tank for recirculation. Complicated shapes can be painted this way, but they must be correctly positioned for paint drainage.

A stable carbon compound in which hydrogen from a hydrocarbon has been replaced by fluorine. Coatings containing the fluorocarbon PVF2, among the most stable known, are applied by roll coating or spray.

The removal of impurities from molten metal in a crucible, furnace, or scrap remelting furnace by bubbling a mixture of gasses up through the melt. The combined chemical and mechanical action carries oxides and other impurities to the top of the melt, forming a scum or dross that is skimmed off.

A rolled product rectangular in cross section of thickness less than 0.006 inch. In Europe, foil is equal to and less than 0.20 mm.

Foil completely softened by thermal treatment.

Foil having a uniform bright specular finish on both sides.

Foil chemically washed to remove lubricant and foreign material.

Foil on which a pattern has been impressed by means of an engraved roll or plate.

Foil roughened chemically or electrochemically to provide an increased surface area.

Foil fully work-hardened by rolling.

Foil intermediate in temper between Annealed Foil and Hard

Foil.

Foil with a diffuse reflecting finish on one side and a bright specular finish on the other.

Foil mechanically roughened for such applications as lithography.

Foil having a non-uniform finish which may vary from coil to coil and within a coil.

Foil abraded, usually with wire brushes, to produce a roughened surface.

A forging or casting discontinuity caused by metal folding back on its own surface during flow in the die or mold cavity.

The term used to describe the relative workability of forging material.

A metal part worked to a predetermined shape by one or more processes such as hammering, upsetting, pressing, rolling, etc.

The term Forging Stock is preferred.

A cast form intended and suitable for subsequent working by the forging process.

A reference plane or planes normal to the direction of applied force from which all draft angles are measured.

A wrought or cast rod, bar, or other section suitable for forging.

A forging made in a single set of impressions to the general contour of a finished part.

A forging that has been restruck cold in order to obtain closer dimensions, to sharpen corners or outlines and in non-heat-treatable alloys, to increase hardness.

A forging formed to the required shape and size by working in impression dies.

A forging with zero draft on vertical walls.

A closed die forging made in dies constructed and operated to eliminate, in predetermined areas, the formation of flash.

A forging produced by repeated blows in a forging hammer.

A forging worked between flat or simply shaped dies by repeated strokes or blows and manipulation of the piece.

A forging produced to tolerances closer than standard.

A die forging produced by pressure applied in a forging press.

A cylindrical product of relatively short height, circumferentially rolled from a hollow section.

A forging having part or all of its cross section greater than that of the stock.

The relative ease with which a material can be shaped through plastic deformation.

Changing the shape of metal except by shearing or blanking without intentionally altering its thickness.

A generic term for measure of resistance to extension of a crack.

The term is sometimes restricted to results of a fracture mechanics test, which is directly applicable in fracture control.

A floating mandrel used in conjunction with cored billet to produce a seamless hollow profile.

That heat imparted to the extrusion or billet as the result of metal movement within the container or through the die.

A defect caused by the folding in of oxidized or liquidated billet surface from the rear of the billet, also called pipe.

Deterioration of a metal caused by the electric current produced when two unlike metals are in contact under certain condition.

An undesirable grainy or spangled condition on the surface of etched or anodized extrusions. This condition is not obvious in mill finish aluminum extrusions but can be revealed by etching or anodizing.

A situation that occurs when air is trapped inside the die or container, usually during the dead cycle, as a result of sloppy butt shearing or the upsetting of the billet inside the container.

A relatively soft sealer often of cork, asbestos, or rubber placed in a joint between two metal parts to prevent leakage through the joint.

A term previously used in referring to the thickness or diameter of a wrought product. Thickness or diameter is preferred in dimensional descriptions.

Fixed mandrel.

The degree to which a surface reflects light, generally, the smoother the surface, the higher the gloss.

A more localized gross rolled-in scratch. See also Scratch, Rolled-in.

The directional characteristics of the metal structure after working, revealed by etching a polished section.

A measure of crystal size usually reported in terms of average diameter in millimeters, grains per square millimeter, or grains per cubic millimeter.

Removing material from a workpiece with an abrasive wheel.

A paint applicator relying on air or fluid pressure passing through an orifice to atomize paint and project it in one direction.